ON-SITE TRAINING BUILDING PROJECT

Topic — 1 Construction of Sub Structure
.Site Clearance, preparing job layout, layout for load bearing structure and
framed structure by centre line . Precautions while
marking layout on ground.
* Excavation for foundation, timbering and strutting for foundation trench,
dewatering of foundation, tools and plants used for excavation.
Foundations: Definition, Function, requirements of good foundation,
Types a) Shallow foundation- wall footing, isolated and combined column
footing, stepped foundation, raft foundation.
b) Deep Foundation: Pile foundation, well foundation and caisson.
Precautions to be taken while constructing foundation in black cotton soil.
Topic — 2 Construction of Superstructure
Masonry Work: Stone masonry: Terms used in stone masonry- facing,
backing, hearting.through stone, corner stone, cornice etc. Type of stone
masonry: Rubble
masonry, Ashlar Masonry and their types. Requirements of good stone
masonry, expansion joints in stone masonry their purpose and procedure.
Brick masonry: Terms used in brick masonry- bond, joints, lap, frog, line,
level and plumb. Bonds in brick masonry- header bond, stretcher bond,
English bond and Flemish bond. Requirements of good brick masonry,
expansion joints in brick masonry their purpose and procedure.

* Comparison between stone masonry and Brick Masonry.

* Tools and plants required for construction of stone masonry and brick
masonry.

+ Hollow concrete block masonry and composite masonry.

* Scaffolding: Necessity, component parts and types of Scaffolding ,
Scaffolding and platforms used for multi storied building

Doors and windows

Door & window frames, location of Doors and Windows, various sizes of doors

and windows for residential and public buildings.

a) Types of doors: Batten Ledged braced framed door, paneled, glazed, flush,

collapsible, revolving doors, rolling shutters.

b) Types of windows: Casement, Panelled, Steel, Aluminum, Sliding, louvered

window, Grills and Ventilators. Fixture and Fastening for doors, windows Sill,

lintel - types and function, Arch - types and function. Procedure for replacing

the glass of existing sliding window.

Vertical Communications

Means of vertical communications: Stairs, lift/ Elevators, Escalators, Ramp

(sketches and suitability). Terms used in stair- Step, riser, tread, flight,

Winder, Kite step. landing, soffit, pitch, Newel posts, hand rail, balustrade,

head room. Types of stairs: straight, quarter turn, half turn, open well,

doglegged, spiral, bifurcated, circular, sketch and suitability, Requirements of

good staircase, thumb rule for stair design

Topic — 2 Construction of Sub Structure
Site Clearance
Necessity:--
1) Job layout
2) Removal of obstructions
3) Construction of approach road
4) Loading and unloading site
5) no activity can be started without site clearance

Preparing job layout _:----

Job layout :-- chalked plan for arrangements of various activities
In this plan — proper coordination among the various activities and co-
relation of different units
e.g . Site office -- ware house —-closely spaced

Allotment of proper area s to each unit increases efficiency

Factors affecting job layout
1) Location area and topography of the site
2) Method of construction
3) Nature and type of work

layout(line out ) for load bearing structure

By center line method

Layout is fixed by fixing the center lines of foundation plan

1) One corner of the foundation plan is fixed by measuring the distances from
the boarder of the plot and a wooden peg with a nail on top driven to mark
the corner

2) Pegs are driven the

3) Half width of foundation trenches are marked on each side of the center
line

4) The sting is tied to the nails on the top of the pegs and with a pick axe
touching outer board of each foundation trench is marked on the ground
by picking with the axe . White lime powder is then used to mark the outer

line of each foundation trench clearly .

layout(line out ) for load framed structure :-—-
1) In case of framed structures , the centers of the column s are fixed by
‘wooden pegs with central nails on top and center lines of beams between
the column are fixed with tied strings .

Precautions while marking layout on ground. -—

1) Correct measurement of distances by steel tape
2) Correct fixing of plot boundaries with the help of location sketches
3) Use of level dumpy level
4) Correct marking of face line or center line
5) Checking of distances from at least two independent measurements _
6) Diagonal checks for individuals room positions as well as complete bidg
7) Use of correct plumb bob for transferring points on ground

8) Precise measurements must be taken .

Excavation for foundation :--For small buildings, excavation is carried out manually
by means of pick axes, crow bars. spades etc. In case of large buildings and deep
excavation, mechanical earth cutting equipment can be used. For hard soils when the
depth of excavation is less than 1.5 m, the sides of the trench do not need any external
support. If the soil is loose or the excavation is deeper. some sort of shoring is required
to support the sides from falling. Planking and strutting can be intermittent or
continuous depending on the nature of soil and the depth of excavation. In the case of
intermittent or "open" planking and strutting the entire sides of trenches are not
covered. Vertical boards (known as poling boards) of size 250 x 40 mm of the required
length can be placed with gaps of about 50 cm . These shall be kept apart by
horizontal waling of strong timber f section 100 x 100 mm at a minimum spacing of 1.2
™ and strutted by a cross piece of 100 x 100 square or 100 nun diameter. In the case
of soft soils continuous or “close” planking is adopted and the vertical boards are kept
touching each other without any gap as shown .

dewatering of foundation

Dewatering is the removal of water from solid material or soil by wet
classification, centrifugation, filtration, or similar solid-liquid separation
processes, such as removal of residual liquid from a filter cake by a filter
press as part of various industrial processes.